CRISPR genome editing technologies have been improving by every passing day. The initial CRISPR/Cas9 technologies, though emerged an improved version of genome editing in competition with TALENS and ZFNs, was nevertheless not free from technical and off-target effects. Technological improvements overtime start addressing issues with original CRISPR/Cas9 technology. The major areas of improvement targeted nucleases and delivery methods. Overtime the nuclease like Cas9 had some modifications like FokI-dCas9, Truncated guide RNAs (tru-gRNAs), Paired Cas9 nickase, Cpf1, Cas6 with Csm/Csr complex and chemically treated Cas9. In terms of delivery methods the improvements came along after almost all methods including viral methods like Recombinant Adeno Associated Viruses (rAAV), Lentivirus (LV), and bacteriophages. The review summarizes various non-viral gene delivery modes including physical methods like electroporation and chemical methods like nano particles, cell-derived membrane vesicles (CMVs) with upgraded developments. The review also compares various modes of delivering CRISPR gene editing machinery.

Coriander is a small aromatic perennial herbaceous plant that grows widely in western Asia, India, Pakistan, the Mediterranean basin, and the United States. Although all parts of the plant can be eaten, its fresh leaves and dry seeds are used more. fructose, sucrose), alkaloids, flavones, resins, tannins, anthroquinones, sterols (ß-stesterol and ß-cytosterelin), and fixed oils. Has a small amount of carminative agent. Coriander plant samples were collected by a specialist pharmacist and phytotherapist (Muammaer Sen). Cultured medicinal marshmallow herb flower was harvested and dried. The dried plant was sorted and packed in packages of 50 grams using precision scales. 100gr of randomly selected samples. It was sent to BATAM laboratory for analysis. The essential oil analysis of the coriander plant of the Konya region has been found in accordance with the pharmacopoeia standards. Coriander plant is used to take advantage of its heavy metal removal feature. Many factors can affect the essential oil ratio of the plant. It is possible to make maximum use of the essential oils of the coriander plant by making the environmental factors suitable.

Actinobacteria isolated from the rhizosphere soils of black pepper comprising both flood affected and non-flood affected areas of Wayanad district. Among different soil samples analysed, Puttad (Ptd) recorded significantly superior actinobacterial population on starch casein aga, Kenknight & Munaier’s agar and actinomycetes isolation agar. Actinobacterial colonies could not be detected in any of the flooded soil samples on any medium, even at a dilution of 10-1, except in Meppadi soil, which recorded a low population of 0.3x101cfu g-1 soil. Starch casein agar is best media to isolate actinobacteria from soil samples compared to other two media. The cultural, morphological and biochemical characterization of thirty-five isolates was carried out. Further the isolates were evaluated for their plant growth promoting traits such as IAA production, nitrogen fixation, P, K and Zn solubilization. The isolates Ptd-A and Amb-C were found to be significantly superior to all other isolates, with IAA production of 15.9 g ml-1 and 15.38 g ml-1 respectively. The four isolates viz. Ptd-A, Ptd-E, Ptd-B and Ptr-A recorded significantly superior nitrogen fixation and the phosphate solubilized was significantly higher in Ptd-E, Ptd-D, Ptr-E, Ptd-A and Ptr-A, as compared to other isolates. All isolates were negative to K and Zn solubilization. Based on in vitro evaluations, three isolates were shortlisted (Ptd-A, Ptd-E and Ptr-A) and subjected to in vivo evaluation for growth promotion in black pepper (variety Panniyur 1). Rooted plants of black pepper were raised in sterile potting mixture. Bioinoculants applied at the time of planting and 45 days after planting. The PGPR Mix-1 and Organic Package of Practices Recommendations (2017) were used for comparison with the microbial inoculants along with control. In the in-planta experiment, biometric characters were recorded at monthly intervals, up to five months. The actinobacterial treatment, T1: Ptd-E, T2: Ptd-A and T3: Ptr-A showed significant increase in shoot length, number of leaves and internode length throughout the growth period from planting to five MAP. Significantly higher root growth was observed in treatment T2: Ptd-A, with significantly higher root volume, fresh and root weight. The potential actinobacteria were identified Ptd-A and Ptr-A as Streptomyces sp. and Ptd-A as Actinobacteria bacterium using 16S r RNA gene sequencing.

Background: Coleus forskohlii plant called in KSA (Al-Shar or Aspane Zattar), it discovery nearly at western south area, KSA. It contained flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, steroids, saponins, and sugars. The essential oil had crucial result against human-pathogenic-bacteria as Bacillus Spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The aim: It was the first time in Ranyah-region, KSA for proving and supporting the ancient Saudi-customs using Coleus forskohlii plant boiled-water-extract to protect person-health from human-bacterial-diseases and to consider as medicinal plant that easy getting, cheep and grows mostly in the southwestern region, KSA. Materials and Methods: Coleus forskohlii plant were collected from Ranyah-region, KSA, to powder obtaining. The identified human-pathogenic-bacteria were obtained via the laboratory from diagnosed infected human cases. The bacterial suspension were added to boiled-water-extract, were followed up the bacterial growth. Results: The average dry cell weight estimation showed Pseudomonas aeruginosa stayed for 50 hour, Klebsiella pneumoniae 45 hour and Escherichia coli 40 hour. Staphylococcous aureus remained alive for 35 hour, Bacillus Spp., 30 hour. The average membrane filter estimation was found Escherichia coli did not give a large number of colonies at 40 hours, Klebsiella pneumoniae stopped producing colonies till 45 hours and Pseudomonas aeruginosa persisted until 50 hour. Conclusions: It was concluded that the Coleus forskohlii plant boiled-water-extract eliminated human-pathogenic-bacteria, as the ancient Saudi-customs were based on its use for the person-health and its adoption as a medicinal plant. Recommendations: It was recommend that the plant considering as a Saudi medicinal plant and using daily to maintain the person-health.

Hookworm disease is known to be caused allergic manifestation and severe anemic pathogenicity in man and canine hosts. Attempts have been made to establish laboratory models of Necator americaus, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Ancylostoma ceylanicum, together with canine parasite, Ancylostoma caninum. The studies include pathophysiological aspects of the host-parasite relationship, and develop to establish patent infection. Immunological approach to selecting antigen for diagnosis and protective immunity purpose using larval and adult worm antigens and their secretions became the focus with the subsequent discovery of cloning in vaccine development as main research interest. Chemotherapy of newer drug screening in laboratory models ultimately selected to use for preventive chemotherapy in hookworm endemic areas using recommended drugs.